M 27/102
LiveMining LeaseCity of Kalgoorlie-BoulderKanowna District
M 27/102 is a live mining lease in the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia, held by Gpm Resources Pty Ltd (part of Genesis Minerals Limited). Granted on 22 May 1989 for 21 years (renewed), it expires on 21 May 2031. The ground is covered by 105 historical WAMEX reports.
Area
799.45ha
Expires
May 2031
in 5 years
WAMEX reports
105
WA median is 53
Report drilling
63
of 105 reports
Free Tenure Pack for M 27/102
The due diligence on this title in one report: register and compliance, every dealing, the
history of the ground, drilling, geochemistry and land access. New accounts get one free.
For M 27/102 that covers 105 WAMEX reports · 1,657 open-file drillholes (84,164 m drilled) · 111 earlier titles on the ground since 1800 · 2 native title claims and 1 native title determination · no conservation land.
Register summary
- Holder
- Gpm Resources Pty Ltd
- Part of
- Genesis Minerals Limited (ASX:GMD) as at 2026-06-30
- Local government
- City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder
- Application received
- 2 Mar 1988
- Commenced
- 22 May 1989
- Expiry
- 21 May 2031
- Term
- 21 Years (Renewed)
The full record on M 27/102
The register summary says who holds it today. The rest of the record says how they came to, what is attached to it, and whether it is being worked.
Free account
- Current holders and their shares, and all 9 changes of holder
- The full record: 38 years of expenditure and 19 conditions
- Native title context, combined reporting and rent status
Premium
- At-risk and opportunity signals, and expenditure compliance over five years
- Every register dealing (44 on record), with mortgages, caveats and transfers flagged
- Expiry band, and how long the holder has had it
Exploration history on this ground
105 historical WAMEX exploration reports intersect M 27/102: 41 report geochemistry or sampling, 67 include a digital data package.
Work on record: RC drilling 50 · Diamond drilling 21 · Soil sampling 20 · Geological mapping 19 · Rock chip sampling 17 · Rotary drilling 13. Resource declared in A117942 (2018), A117345 (2018), A114718 (2017), A109459 (2016) and 3 more.
Rather than open these one by one on the DMPE site,
have them read into one cited report on M 27/102, free for new accounts.
When this ground was worked · 103 of 105 reports dated
31970s
41980s
251990s
232000s
372010s
112020s
Most recent reports
| Report | Year | Operator | Project | On this ground | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A154951 | 2026 | Northern Star Resources Ltd | Kanowna Belle | 20% | Final Surrender Report for E27/542 for the period 26 April 2016 to 25 April 2026 |
| A150751 | 2025 | Northern Star Resources Ltd | Kanowna Belle | <1% | Final Surrender Report on P27/2319, Kanowna Belle Project, for the period 02 October 2017 to 01 October 2025 |
| A136454 | 2023 | Northern Star Resources (Western Tanami) Pty Ltd | Kanowna Belle | <1% | Final Surrender Report on P27/2209, Kanowna Belle Project, for the period 8 July 2015 to 7 July 2023 |
| A128305 | 2021 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project Mineral Exploration Report C17/1997 for the period ending 09/08/2021 |
| A123167 | 2020 | Luke Forti | Gordon | 4% | Annual Report - Gordon Project - E27/572 - 30 January 2019 to 29 January 2020 |
100 more reports
| A123201 | 2020 | Yandal Resources Limited | Gordons | <1% | Annual Report for Proposed Group |
| A125062 | 2020 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project Mineral Exploration Report C17/1997 for the period ending 9 August 2020 |
| A123150 | 2020 | Yandal Resources Limited | Gordons | <1% | E27/601 Annual Report, Gordons Project, 14 January 2019 to 13 January 2020 |
| A123255 | 2020 | Yandal Resources Limited | Gordons | <1% | Combined Report for Proposed Gordons Projec, C54/2020, 1 Janaury 2019 to 31 December 2019 |
| A123324 | 2020 | Bardoc Gold Limited | Reidy Swamp | 94% | Reidy Swamp M27/00102 [CRG #: 179/2001] Annual Report for the period ending 31/12/2019 |
| A124374 | 2020 | Northern Star (Kanowna) Pty Limited | Kanowna Belle | 3% | Kanowna Belle Annual Technical Report C224/2007 for the period ending 31/05/2020 |
| A119569 | 2019 | Luke Forti | Gordon | 4% | Annual Report Gordon Project E27/00572 for the period 30 January 2018 to 29 January 2019 |
| A119695 | 2019 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty. Ltd. | Reidy Swamp | 94% | Reidy Swamp Project M27/00102 Annual Report for the period 01/01/2018 to 31/12/2018 |
| A120666 | 2019 | Northern Star (Kanowna) Pty Limited | Kanowna Belle | 2.4% | Kanowna Belle Annual Report C224/2007 for the period June 2018 to 31 May 2019 |
| A121327 | 2019 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project C17/1997 Annual Mineral Exploration Report for the period 10 August 2018 to 9 August 2019 |
| A121384 | 2019 | Black Mountain Gold Limited | Kanowna North | <1% | Kanowna North C63/2018 Annual Report for the period 2 September 2018 to 1 September 2019, P27/02316, P27/0231 |
| A117345 | 2018 | Northern Star (Kanowna) Pty Limited | Kanowna Belle | 2.3% | Kanowna Belle C224/2007 Annual Technical Report for the period 1 June 2017 to 31 May 2018 |
| A115638 | 2018 | Black Mountain Gold Limited | Kanowna North | <1% | Annual Technical Report for P27/2215 Kanowna North for the Period 05 October 2016 to 04 October 2017 |
| A116725 | 2018 | Forti, L | Gordon | 4% | Annual Report - Gordon Project E27/00572 for the period 30 January 2017 to 29 January 2018 |
| A117592 | 2018 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty. Ltd. | Reidy Swamp | 94% | Reidy Swamp Project Annual Report 2017, C179/2001 |
| A117942 | 2018 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project C17/1997 Annual Mineral Exploration Report for the period 10/08/2017 - 09/08/2018 |
| A118316 | 2018 | Black Mountain Gold Limited | Kanowna North | <1% | Kanowna North C63/2018 Combined Annual Report for the period 02/09/2017 - 01/09/2018, P27/02316, M27/00487, P2 |
| A110726 | 2017 | Kelsi Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report for the Gordon Sirdar Project (C207/2010) 19 November 2015 - 18 November 2016 |
| A114299 | 2017 | Northern Star (Kanowna) Pty Limited | Kanowna Belle | 2.2% | Kanowna Belle Project C224/2007 Annual Technical Report for the period 01/06/2016 - 31/05/2017 |
| A111912 | 2017 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty. Ltd. | Reidy Swamp | 5.9% | Reidy Swamp Project Annual Report 2016 |
| A114718 | 2017 | Paddington Gold Pty Limited | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project C17/1997 Mineral Exploration Report for the period 10 August 2016 to 9 August 2017 |
| A114951 | 2017 | Black Mountain Gold Limited | Kanowna North | <1% | Annual Technical Report for P27/2209 Kanowna North for the period 8th July 2016 to the 7th July 2017 |
| A107990 | 2016 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report GORDON SIRDAR PROJECT Combined Reporting Number C207/2010 For the Period 19th November |
| A108165 | 2016 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Mount Jewell | <1% | Mt Jewell Project Mineral Exploration Report C63/2008 Reporting Period: 9 January 2015 to 8 January 2016 Tenem |
| A108450 | 2016 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 5.5% | Annual Report Reidy Swamp Project E27/362, M27/102, M27/255, P27/1861, P27/1916-1918 Combined Reporting Ref. - |
| A109459 | 2016 | Northern Star (Kanowna) Pty Limited | Kanowna Belle | <1% | Kanowna Belle Annual Technical Report |
| A109897 | 2016 | Paddington Gold Pty Limited | Mulgarrie | <1% | Mulgarrie Project C17/1997 Annual Mineral Exploration Report for the period 10/08/2015 to 09/08/2016 |
| A104570 | 2015 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report Gordon Sirdar Project Combined Reporting Number C207/2010 For the Period 19th November |
| A105267 | 2015 | Pioneer Resources Ltd | Mount Jewell | <1% | Mount Jewell Project, Annual Report for the period 09/01/2014 to 08/01/2015, E24/146, 149, 157 & 171; P24/4233 |
| A106972 | 2015 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 4.6% | Annual Technical Exploration report for the period 1st January 2014 – 31st December 2014, Reidy Swamp, E27/360 |
| A100602 | 2014 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report Gordon Sirdar Project C207/2010 for the period 19 November 2012 - 18 November 2013 |
| A101778 | 2014 | Pioneer Resources Ltd | Mount Jewell | <1% | MOUNT JEWELL PROJECT C63/2008 E24/146, E24/149, E24/157, E24/171, P24/4233–4, P24/4654–5, E27/300, E27/333, E2 |
| A102078 | 2014 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 4.6% | Annual Report Reidy Swamp Project for the period 1st January 2013 - 31st December 2013 C179/2001 E27/360, 362, |
| A97877 | 2013 | Strategic Projects Mining Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 4.6% | Reidy Swamp Project, Annual Report for the period 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2012, E27/360 & E27/362; M |
| A96960 | 2013 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report GORDON SIRDAR PROJECT Combined Reporting Number C207/2010 For the Period 19th November |
| A97155 | 2013 | Pioneer Resources Ltd | Mount Jewell | <1% | Mount Jewell Project C63/2008 Combined Annual Report for the period 9 January 2012 to 8 January 2013, E24/146. |
| A92379 | 2012 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | GORDON SIRDAR PROJECT P27/1864, P27/1865, P27/1866, P27/1867, P27/1868, P27/1869, P27/1870, P27/1871, P27/187 |
| A92979 | 2012 | Pioneer Resources Ltd | Mount Jewell | <1% | Combined Annual report for the Mount Jewell Project, C63/2008 for the period 9 January 2011 to 8 January 2012 |
| A88801 | 2011 | Kesli Chemicals Pty Ltd | Gordon Sirdar | <1% | Combined Annual Report Gordon Sirdar Project C207/2010 For the Period 19th November 2009 — 18th November 2010 |
| A88928 | 2011 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.2% | MINERAL EXPLORATION REPORT C179/2001 REIDY SWAMP PROJECT 1 JAN 2010 to 31 DEC 2010 |
| A92271 | 2011 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.2% | Reidy Swamp Project C197/2001 Mineral Exploration Report, Reporting Period: Period: 01/01/2011 to 31/12/2011 |
| A85485 | 2010 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.4% | Reidy Swamp Project C197/2001, E27/79, E27/191, M27/102, M27/191, P27/1885, P27/1886, Mineral Exploration Repo |
| A86292 | 2010 | Heron Resources Ltd | Federal | <1% | Partial surrender report for the period 3 November 2006 to 21 December 2009, Federal Project, C28/2008 |
| A80964 | 2009 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.4% | Reidy Swamp Project C197/2001 Mineral Exploration Report, Period: 01/01/2008-31/12/2008, E27/79, E27/191, M27/ |
| A77160 | 2008 | Heron Resources Ltd | Mulgarrie | <1% | Annual report for the period 3 November 2006 to 2 November 2007, Mulgarrie Project, E27/306 |
| A78297 | 2008 | Paddington Gold Pty Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.1% | Reidy Swamp Project C197/2001 Annual Report Report Period 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2007 Tenements: E27/79 and E27/19 |
| A78969 | 2008 | Heron Resources Ltd | Federal | <1% | FEDERAL PROJECT C28/2008 E24/134, E24/149, P24/3859, E27/306, P27/1707–1710 ANNUAL REPORT 1 May 2007 to 30 Apr |
| A79649 | 2008 | Barrick Gold Of Australia Ltd | Gordons | 34% | PROJECT 8205 GORDONS M27/102, P27/1274- 1275, P27/1277- 1280, P27/1285, P27/1288, P27/1294, ANNUAL REPORT Peri |
| A76030 | 2007 | Barrick Gold Of Australia Ltd | Gordons | 34% | Annual Report for the Gordons Project M27/102 P27/1274- 1275, P27/1277- 1280, P27/1285, P27/1288, P27/1294 Per |
| A74282 | 2007 | Barrick (Kanowna) Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.1% | Reidy Swamp Project E27/79,191, Annual Report, 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2006, Combined Reporting No. C197/2001, (K |
| A71926 | 2006 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.1% | Reidy Swamp Project, Annual Report, Period 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2005, E27/79 & E27/191, Combined Reporting No. |
| A73367 | 2006 | Barrick (Kanowna) Ltd | Gordon | 34% | Gordons Project M27/102,P27/1274-1275,1277-1280,1285,1288, 1294, Annual Report, 31/07/2005 to 30/07/2006, Comb |
| A70395 | 2005 | Jackson Gold Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.1% | Annual Report, Reidy Swamp Project, E27/79, E27/191, Reporting Period 01/01/04 - 31/12/04. |
| A71146 | 2005 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Gordon | 34% | Gordons Project, Annual Report 31/07/2004-30/07/2005 C337/1994, (P27/1274-75,1277-80,1285,1288,1294, M27/102, |
| A69240 | 2004 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Gordons | 34% | Gordons Project, Annual Report 31/07/2003-30/07/2004, C337/1994, P27/1274-75, P27/1277-80 P27/1285, P27/1288, |
| A66132 | 2003 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 1.8% | Annual Report 01/01/2002 - 31/12/2002 Reidy Swamp Project C197/2001: E27/77, 79, 166, 191 Report No: WA02.105 |
| A67140 | 2003 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Surrender Report for the period 30/07/1993 to 27/05/03 Gordons Project P27/1276,1281,1282-84,1286-1287,1289-12 |
| A82878 | 2002 | Placer (Granny Smith) Pty Ltd | Kalgoorlie | <1% | Kalgoorlie High Resolution Gravity Surveys. |
| A64535 | 2002 | Delta Gold Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 1.8% | Reidy Swamp, Annual Report E27/77, E27/79, E27/166, E27191 31/12/2001 - 28/02/2002. |
| A65511 | 2002 | Auriongold Exploration Pty Ltd | Gordons | 13% | Gordons Project ,Annual Report 31/07/2001-30/07/2002 [C337/1994] P27/1274-1299, M27/102, 266. |
| A65675 | 2002 | Auriongold Exploration Pty Ltd | Boomerang Dam | <1% | Boomerang Dam Project, Annual Report 14/10/2001-13/10/2002.[ C322/1997] P27/1441-1445. |
| A63616 | 2001 | Delta Gold Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Gordons Project, P27/1274-99, M27/266 ,Annual Report for the period 1st August 2000 to 2nd August 2001,[C337/ |
| A63886 | 2001 | Delta Gold Ltd | Boomerang Dam | <1% | Boomerang Dam Project, Annual Report 14th of October 2000 to 13th October 2001, P27/1441, P27/1442, P27/1443, |
| A59722 | 2000 | Newcrest Mining Ltd | North Kanowna Star Joint Venture | 94% | North Kanowna Star Joint Venture, M27/102,Annual Report covering Exploration during the Period 22/05/98 to 21/ |
| A60036 | 2000 | North Ltd | Harper Lagoon | 3.6% | Report No. WA2000/34S annual Mineral Exploration Report for Period 19/01/1999 to 18/01/2000 by North Limited f |
| A61149 | 2000 | Delta Gold Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Gordons Project, Annual Report for the period 31st July 1999 to 30th July 2000, P27/1274 -1299. |
| A57836 | 1999 | North Ltd | Harper Lagoon | 3.6% | Harper Lagoon Project, Annual Report for the period 19/01/1998 to18/01/1999, E27/79. |
| A59317 | 1999 | North Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Gordons Project, Annual Report Prospecting Licences 27/1274-1299, for Period 31-7-98 to 30-7-99. |
| A59329 | 1999 | Delta Gold Ltd | Boomerang Dam | <1% | Boomerang Dam Annual Report 14 October 1998 to 13 October 1999, P27/1441-1445 |
| A61070 | 1999 | Newcrest Mining Ltd | North Kanowna Star | 94% | North Kanowna Star Joint Venture M27/102. Report Covering Exploration during the period 22/5/99 to 21/12/99. R |
| A53949 | 1998 | North Ltd | Harper Lagoon | 3.6% | Annual mineral exploration report for the period 19/01/97-18/01/98. E27/79. Harper Lagoon Project. |
| A56135 | 1998 | Newcrest Mining Ltd | North Kanowna Star | 94% | North Kanowna Star Joint Venture M27/102 22/05/97 - 21/05/98 |
| A56203 | 1998 | North Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Gordons Project - Prospecting Licence 27/1274-1299 08/1997 - 07/1998 . |
| A56709 | 1998 | Delta Gold Ltd | Boomerang Dam | <1% | Boomerang Dam Annual Report 14/10/97 - 13/10/98 P27/1441-1445 |
| A50401 | 1997 | North Ltd | Kalpini | 3.6% | North Limited Report No. WA97/21S Annual Mineral Exploration Report for 19th January 1996 to 18th January 1997 |
| A51706 | 1997 | Newcrest Mining Ltd | North Kanowna Star | 94% | Report NO. G840/1 North Kanowna Star Annual report period 22/05/96 to 21/05/97 for Mining Lease M27/102 |
| A51808 | 1997 | North Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Gordons Project , Annual Report, P27/1274 -1299; GML27/1722 ,GML27/1732 -1733; M27/154, for the period 1st Au |
| A52961 | 1997 | Delta Gold Ltd | Boomerang Dam | <1% | Boomerang Dam - Annual Report 14/10/96 - 13/10/97 P27/1441-1445 |
| A47359 | 1996 | North Ltd | Kalpini | 3.6% | North Limited Annual Report No. WA96/41S Exploration carried out on E27/79 Harper Lagoon, Kanowna W.A. Januar |
| A47693 | 1996 | North Ltd | Kanowna / Mulgarrie | <1% | Kanowna / Mulgarrie Project, Annual Report for period 6th May 1995 to 5th May 1996, P27/1323-1326 & 1329. |
| A49024 | 1996 | North Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Report No.WA97/05S Annual Mineral Exploration Report On Work Carried out in the Gordons Project P27/1274 to P2 |
| A44420 | 1995 | North Ltd | Harper Lagoon | 3.6% | Report No. WA95/64S Exploration work carried out on E27/79 Harper Lagoon, Near Kanowna during the period Janua |
| A45001 | 1995 | North Ltd | Kanowna | <1% | Kanowna Project, Annual Report on Exploration Activities on PLs P27/1323-1326 & 1329 in the Kanowna-Mulgarrie |
| A46507 | 1995 | North Ltd | Gordons | <1% | Report No. WA96/18S Annual report on Exploration Work Carried out on the Gordons Project P27/1274 to P27/1299 |
| A41384 | 1994 | North Mining Ltd | Reidy Swamp | 3.6% | Exploration work carried out on E27/79, Harper Lagoon, near Kanowna. January 1993 to January 1994 North Explor |
| A42358 | 1994 | Geopeko | Gordon | <1% | Report No WA95/25S Report on exploration work carried out on the Gordons Project P27/1274-1299; GMLs1722, 1732 |
| A37661 | 1993 | Geopeko | Harper Lagoon | 3.6% | Exploration work carried out on E27/79 Harper Lagoon, Kanowna WA. During the Period January 0992 to January 19 |
| A39187 | 1993 | Geopeko | Gordons | <1% | S Surrender Report for the period 1993 Gordons Project M27/109-111,135,151 |
| A36351 | 1992 | Geopeko | Gordons | <1% | Report No WA92/30S Exploration Work Carried Out On The Gordo ns Project M27/109-111,135,151 In The Kanowna Are |
| A34018 | 1991 | Mr Dalla-Costa Mr | Gordan West | 100% | Annual Report 1989-1990 Mining Lease 27/102; Perseverance Mine (Gordon West Project) |
| A39462 | 1991 | Finders Gold Nl | Mulgarri | 94% | Annual report for the period 22/05/91-21/05/92 Kanowna North Star Project M27/102 |
| A22945 | 1988 | Windsor Resources Nl | Mulgarrie | 100% | Annual report Prospecting Licences P27/347-P27/354 Mining Leases-GML27/1723-GML27/1724 Mulgarrie Project Kalgo |
| A20182 | 1987 | Windsor Resources Nl | Mulgarrie | 100% | Mulgarrie Project Exploration Report 20th October 1986 to 5th March 1987 (GML27/1723 GML27/1724 P27/347 to P27 |
| A17032 | 1985 | Pancontinental Mining Ltd | Mulgarrie | 100% | Report No. 85/11 Summary Report Mulgarrie P27/347 to P27/354 GML27/1723 GML27/1724 Western Australia 1985 |
| A34019 | 1983 | Mr Claussen Af | Golden Rainbow | 8.9% | Kanowna North; North East collgardie GoldField Preliminary Report; GML's27/1640,1773, MC27/2089, P27/164 |
| A5545 | 1975 | Carpentaria Exp Co Pty Ltd | Kanowna | 50% | Progress report [non-statutory] to February 1973, Kanowna Base Metal Prospect, MC27/1383, 27/1409 |
| A6095 | 1975 | Carpentaria Exp Co Pty Ltd | Kanowna | 50% | Kanowna Project, Non-statutory Report:Final Report, July 1975, MC27/1383 & 1409. |
| A5832 | 1974 | Aquitaine Aust Minerals Pty Ltd | Gordons Prospect | 43% | Gordon's Prospect, Preliminary report [non-statutory], MC27/1462 -1475. |
| A38751 | 1753 | Inco Australia Ltd | Eastern Goldfields regional mapping | <1% | Eastern Goldfields regional mapping |
| A67383 | 1753 | Placer Dome Asia Pacific Ltd | Gordons | 34% | Gordons Project,Annual Report, 31/7/2002 to 30/07/2003, P27/1274-75,1277-80,1285,1288 & 1294; M27/10.[C337/19 |
What does the exploration record say about this ground?
NextMaps reads the WAMEX reports over M 27/102 into a referenced prospectivity assessment: the geology, the historical programs, the drill intercepts and geochemistry, and the untested gaps, with every claim cited back to its source report. New accounts include a free report (how the reports work). Prefer the raw due diligence? A Tenure Pack bundles the full register record, tenure history and spatial datasets for this ground.
Get the free report Full register record on the mapDo you hold M 27/102? Listing is free. A facilitation fee applies only if the ground ends up with a buyer we introduce.
List this tenement
WA Mining Weekly
The week's tenement movements, deals and ground released, free to your inbox.
Tenure data sourced from the DMPE public registers and SLIP WA (© Government of Western Australia, CC BY 4.0), as at 2026-10-08. Compiled by NextMaps. Verify against primary sources before reliance.